FORENSIC ACCOUNTING Money Laundering and organized Finance

FORENSIC ACCOUNTING Money Laundering and organized Finance Money laundering poses a serious threat to individuals, businesses, financial systems, markets and governments as this financial crime affect the health of human beings and destruct the development of a country, for example developing countries loses billions every year to countries such a Switzerland. In the recent years White Collar crime has become the potential threat to the continued existence of capitalists economy , which now force the international and regional government begin to acknowledge that money laundering has become a threat to the global economy development, financial systems as well as to the global community. Due to the growing of organised crime such as human trafficking, drug trafficking, terrorism and tax evasion. Money laundering is believed to be the third industry by some academic researchers, with an estimated 2% to 5% of gross domestic products (GDP) of the world. This essay will also provide a literature review in order to better understand the theories of money laundering and the roles and responsibilities of professional bodies. Which also include the review of international and national policies and legislation frameworks designed to prevent money laundering? Final the finding and recommendations of this essay clearly shows evidence which suggest that professionals are vectors and advisers of money laundering, therefore, such illicit seems to be made easy by various professions who collaborate and contribute to this growing problem, in particularly the banks, professional bodies such as Auditors, Accountants and Lawyers, are argued to play a pivotal role in smoothing the progress for money launders to conceal the proceeds of their corrupt activities INTRODUCTION This study will attempt to examine the relationship between money laundering and Fraud, as well as its global network and the seriousness of these crimes effects in the global economy and the social consequences for the international community. Furthermore, put in plan words the problem of money laundering in the UK, reflecting on whether anti-money laundering laws introduced in the past decades has in some why improved the control of this criminal activity. Summers (2000), states that the observable fact of money laundering is a characteristic of organized crime with researcher and academic estimating that the money laundering generate about US$100 billion; while the British Intelligence estimated that the total amount being laundered annually is about US$500 billion..The illicit drug trade alone is estimated to generate about US$300 billion of which a significant part would require laundering; this is also supported by Wolfensohn (2002). As there are many studies that critically examine money laundering and the factors that contribute to money laundering etc, there are still few and far between studies actually looking into the factors that contribute to the increase of money laundering in developing countries and match up to whether developed countries preaching for regulations and monitoring money laundering to the rest of the world , while ignoring their contribution in promoting this complex crime in developing countries indirect and direct. Problem statement White Collar crime has become the potential threat to the continued existence of capitalists economy. Money laundering for instance is assumed to take a large portion of white collar crime global, as statistics predict that almost 5% of the world gross domestic product (GDP) is lost to money laundering each year (IMF, Website ). Research aim and objectives The primary objective of this essay is to explore and identify the level that underpins the bureaucracy of money laundering, looking at both point of views (Developed Countries perspective and developing countries point of view), and measuring the preventing of money laundering. Also as to give comment on the accuracy to whether the join combat efforts are realistic. Research methodology The present study is an attempt to explore and explain the international legal systems in combating money laundering and fraud the legal framework in the global scale. The methodology of this study will gather information from secondary sources, which are already in publication, such as academically journals, books, professional articles, the internet and any other publications (Sekaran, 1992). Furthermore, the study will make an effort to find out the relevance of the information so as to possible present appropriately, to explore some of the factors that are part of the cause to money laundering and fraud. Therefore as the study will be only based on published secondary information we will reach a conclusion that does not point toward our own opinion but the critically review of the conclusion of the previous studies in this have concluded. Assumptions made in this report As the definition of money laundering constitutes a range of dynamic criminal activities, this study make assumption that money laundering includes trafficking, fraud, corruption and terrorism as all these crimes share a common feature, which lead to proceeds of illicit being laundered in some way or another. Therefore, all these above mentioned crimes are to be money laundering for this study. Investigation Outline The first section of this essay will provide a brief introduction of the objectives and assumptions made throughout the essay, as well as attempt to introduce the research question and give an overview of the subject area. This will be followed by the second section, which reviews previous studies and the critics of the conclusions of these studies. Section three will then briefly communicate the theories of money laundering and the factors that cause money laundering developing countries, followed by a short history and the definition accepted by this essay. Section four will provide evidence found by this study and a critically suggestions. Finally section five will reach a conclusion. Literature Review In order to understand the present and future of money laundering, it is important to first give a brief explanation of the background history of its origin. According to Bosworth et al, (1994), money laundering originated in the USA during the 1930s, Despite the fact that there are several publications studies in the literature of critically examining the subject area, their point of view seem to give attention to the legal and regulatory framework, adding to analysing the stages of cash placement or analyzing causes and remedies of legislations that contribute to money laundering, however, there is little done, in other words a number of empirical studies are rather limited to study whether there is a linkage between the developing and developed countries, and if are there any lessons learned? According to a study by Wolfensohn (2002), stated that at least US$1trillion is believed to laundered every year using progressively more highly developed methods such as the wiring transfer of funds across boarders, in addition these complex methods involve employing services and advice of professionals such financial advisers and accountants (Sikka, 2003; Arnold and Sikka, 2001; Aloba, 2002; Bakre, 2007;). Mitchell et al., (1996) study exposed actions carried out by some of these professionals and companies in Accounting such as Jackson Company; Grant Thornton Partners; Coopers and Lybrand; and a cabinet minister in the UK government, who were all caught up in money laundering of illegal transferring money from AGIP to Kinz Joallier SARL. The professional body of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) was passed on with the case to investigate the professional misconduct of its members. Even though the High Court had previously dealt with the case and gave its own judgment, which found that the two Accountants who were caught up in the act of money laundering, the courts ruling stated that these professionals actually knew that their action were against the law and obviously laundering money, the Judge found them guilty, however the professional body itself (ICAEW) it appears that did not view it the same way as the Court did. Furthermore when the investig ation and disciplinary committee of the ICAEW was criticised it argued in defence that it was not provided with insufficient evidence to warrant the bringing of a disciplinary case against any of its members in this case of money laundering (see Letter of May 9, 1994). On the other hand, BCC I investigated the global closure in 1991 and uncovered a massive amount of criminal activities including money laundering in a number of countries around the world, which involved bribery of government officials, arms trafficking, the sales of nuclear technologies, the support of terrorism, tax evasion, and smuggling operations, as well as massive financial frauds (Arnold and Sikka, 2001). According to the 400 page report by Arnaud Montebourge (2001) The City is an impenetrable fortress with a status, rights and custom of its own, a closed universe where every financier, banker or businessman chooses silence above all else. The report stated that it had taken the British an extraordinary amount of time to respond to Swiss tip-offs before ordering 19 banks to freeze funds linked to former Nigerian ruler, Sanni Abacha [BBC News, October 10, 2001]. A Harvard-educated Colombian economist, Franklin Jurado, used the services of accountants to launder $36 million in profits, from US cocaine sales for the late Colombian drug lord Jose Santacruz-Londono, by wiring it out of Panama, through the offices of Merrill Lynch and other financial institutions, to Europe. In three years, he opened more than 100 accounts in 68 banks in nine countries: Austria, Denmark, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, and Monaco. Some of the accounts were opened in the names of Santacruzs mistresses and relatives, others under assumed European-sounding names. Keeping balances below $10,000 to avoid investigation, Jurado shifted the funds between the various accounts. He established European front companies with the eventual aim of transferring the clean money back to Colombia, to be invested in Santacruzs restaurants, construction companies, pharmacies and real estate holdings (UN, 1998) cited in Garnaut, J. (2006). According to the UN General Assembly, corrupt politicians, government officials and other criminal organizations increasingly sub-contract the task of money laundering to specialized professionals (such as accountants, lawyers and bankers) because the methods required to circumvent law enforcement officials are becoming ever more complex (see UN Special Session on the World Drug Problem 8-10 June, 1998). Professionals (such as Accountants, lawyers and bankers) are used not only to conceal the origin of the source of the proceeds, but to manage the subsequent investment into legitimate real estate and other assets. Money Laundering Introduction In anticipation of comparatively recently notion of money laundering were subjects that, although continuously reported and chattered about, were not studied to a great extent. it gives a quite out of the ordinary impression for the fact that well know crime stories such as the Medellin cartel to the notorious Al-Qaida network that have been taking place up to the September 11. Therefore, this can be arguable that beyond doubt it point out that organised crime has evolved a great deal fitting itself into a far-reaching socio-political changes, complex technological developments and diverse culture environments. According to Murilo Portugal, Deputy Managing Director of the IMF: Global financial stability hinges on collective action at the international level, but also on effective national systems. Robust anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism regimes are an important pillar of the international regulatory and supervisory system and part and parcel of the current efforts to strengthen the global financial framework.. Therefore, due to the out of the ordinary of money laundering and the new developing complexity of the techniques used by launders it is hard to keep accurate information of this sort of crime. What is Money Laundering? Although the observable fact of money laundering has taken on increase attention, from every country in the world its notion is still a controversy in the criminological phraseology. In anticipation of the concept of money laundering phrase, which has almost been talked about and documented over for the past seven decades, it is extraordinary that this subject has been given fewer research studies, regardless of the fact that organised crime has been part of the society for such a long time. Money laundering has been defined as the cover up of unlawfully get your hands on assets or proceeds so the can be then made to appear as they have been acquired in a lawfully manner. On the other hand, money laundering can mean different thing to different countries and organisation as there are variations on the definition of money laundering, nevertheless, almost certainly accepted definition that fit within the framework and the global idea intended to provide a global definition of money laundering is the one outlined (UN Organised Crime Convention). Article 6 of the convention regards the following conduct as money laundering: (i) the conversion or transfer of property, knowing that such property is the proceeds of crime, for the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property or of helping any person who is involved in the commission of the predicate offence to evade the legal consequences of his or her action; (ii) The concealment or disguise of the true nature, source, location, disposition, movement or ownership of or rights with respect to property, knowing that such property is the proceeds of crime; (iii) The acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing, at the time of receipt, that such property is the proceeds of crime. According to FATF, money laundering is defined as: . . . the processing of a enormous number of criminal acts to generate profit for individual or group that carries out the act with the intention to disguise their illegal origin in order to legitimize the ill gotten gains of crime. Any crime that generates significant profit extortion, drug trafficking, arms smuggling and some kind of white collar crime may create a need for money laundering (FATF). The process of money Laundering Alternatively money laundering operates in the same manner as a lawful business in terms of the financial operations. Therefore money launders in their set of business operations act upon the intention of introducing funds originated from criminal activities into the economy so that it appears legitimate. For this to be achieved funds or proceeds need to pass through a long way before it take on the appearance of a legal financial transaction. The procedures used in a money laundering process, theoretically, include three all-embracing stages known as placement, layering and integration. (I) Placement: This is the first stage in the money laundering process. It involves the introduction of the proceeds of criminal activity into the main stream financial system. This may involve the opening of bank account with genuine or fictitious names and the subsequent lodgement of funds in the account. This is the most vulnerable stage; (ii) Layering: This process involves the creation of a complex layer of financial transactions with the aim of evading the audit trail. The launderer may as well decide to purchase high valued commodities such as automobiles, jewellery, etc., and exporting to a different jurisdiction. Or better still, it may involve the purchase of shares of companies at the stock market; (iii) Integration: This stage involves the recycling of the laundered wealth to the direct benefit of the Launderer to appear as if it was derived from legitimate activity .It may involve the selling off of some valuable items which were purchased during the layering process. Causes of Money Laundering In a recent study ( cited on Ribeiro, 2002:Galvao, 2000); it is argued that money laundering causes bizarre changes, such as when the demand of money increases it also increases the risk and precariousness of the banking sector and financial systems. In addition, money laundering creates corruption, fraud, bribery, white collar crime and all other financial crimes. It is also worth contemplating whether some of the key drivers of money laundering in developing countries are due to the complexes of western regulations? According to Linell (1999), the western countries such as USA UK, approach the challenge against money laundering from a cost to benefit approach. For example the enforcement officers evaluate the cost of resources and compare it with the value of the crime in order for them to investigate; evidently this is an open door to launders to curse developing countries. Another report by Moore (2004), accuses Britain to be a safe Haven for money laundering. Moores reports fou nd fairly estimate that between  £25bn to  £40bn of dirty money is laundered in the UK each year from all over the world. This opens a question to whether globalization and technology, developed countries and professionals could be the main drivers of money laundering in developing countries (Killick, M. (2004). Globalisation and Technology To understand how increasing technology can have an adverse effect on money laundering, it is worth reflecting why the criminal considered technology as their shelter to hide their proceeds. Drawing attention to the revolutionary impact of technological advancement on organized crime, particularly money laundering as well as the concept of globalization, it is clear for one to argue that the combination of these two has deregulated the simply customs of state control over their own territory or location. There is no doubt even there is a lack of academically evidence to support this, globalization and technology has created more opportunities for criminality than it has for preventing them committing these crimes. for example, Tinker (1980), argues that globalisation has created profit generation organisations, such as the MNCs that work against the moral of local economy, particularly in developing countries. Money Laundering and the Professions in Developing Countries What is the relationship between the professionals such as the Accountants, Auditor and the Lawyers, and money laundering within the developing countries? Can their role be found been in a contradictory to be of capital accumulation ambition. According to Hoogvelt and Tinker, 1978 the money launders and the professional groups are seen as a protection of capitalism for the developed capitalist countries. For this reasons, capitalistic purpose of the Western economic powers, reflected within the formation of the multinational corporations (MNCs) as well as other overseas capitalists which produce offsprings of capitalist relations in developing countries, is arguable be the cause of contradictory placement between the corrupt ruling leaders and those you have influential powers in developing countries and the good governance, accountability and transparency-preaching Western capitalist world ( Bakre, 2005, 2006a). Wade, 1996 suggested that the alleged reason of bringing investments to developing countries is mainly based on the highly praised globalization. On the other hand, one can question whether globalisation benefits these developing countries. Hirst and Thompson, 1996, argue that this capital mobility is not in point of fact turning out a substantial shift of investment and employment from the developed countries to the developing countries. Therefore, the notion that these developed countries and globalisation would be of assistance to boast the economies of these developing countries. This seems to suggest that the MNCs and other foreign capitalists operating in foreign countries may not be relied upon to subordinate their own capitalistic interest to the interest of those countries where they operate, especially developing countries. However, the notion that the developed capitalist economies would help to jump start and boost the economies of developing countries through investments, which would eventually get rid of corruption and poverty, has been the acclaimed cornerstone of globalization ( Groom, 2001). Accountants and Auditors The external auditors, PriceWaterhouse, were in the dual position of acting as private consultants and tax advisors to the BCCI management to further their private interests, while the State was relying upon them to perform public interest functions by acting as an external monitor and independent quasi-regulator (Arnold and Sikka, 2001). For this reason, it can be argued that Britain and other western countries are still providing safe haven for money launderers and those who commit financial crimes (Moore, 2004). Another evidence is found in the document on BBC News website( ),it accuses Londons development to be clearly doing well as a result of its banking secrecy codes, which ignores the publics interest. Another example is the report by the African Business (online), which claim hundreds of billions of rand from white-collar crime have been laundered through South Africas financial system, but no convictions have yet been made (African Business, July 1, 2002). Deloitte Touchà © forensic services manager, Rupert Haw, says the global trend suggests that crime bosses earn their income in developing countries but invest it in more secure and sophisticated financial systems in developed countries (African Business, July 1, 2002) The Duty to Report Unlawful Conducts. It is obvious that for effective enforcements to tackle money laundering and fraud, the state should put in place a clear role of reporting duties for individuals and companies as well as professional boards involved in preventing. According to Masciandaro and Portolano (2003) Barret (1997), money laundering threatens the growth of the economy and the socioeconomic development of a country. Therefore, the development and robust economy can only achieved if both developing countries and developing countries put a balancing effort in combating money laundering, such as good governance and regulations that are not charlatan. From this perspective, the next following paragraphs will provides the evidence, which suggests that the developing countries and its ruling elites, public bodies, professional bodies and individuals as mentioned above are hypocrites in their role to prevent money laundering in developing countries. According to a report Hypocrisy of the developed countries and global bodies: evidences Money laundering is a global problem which significantly affects both developed and developing countries. This essay suggests that the problem should be tackled by both developed and developing countries, rather than shifting the burden on poor developing nations that have no resources to combat this global crime [Ekaette, 2002]. At the same time, readily available evidence indicates that some authorities in African countries steal government funds that are meant to serve the public and wire the money into some implicit accounts in banks in England, Switzerland, France, Germany, the USA, the Cayman Islands and Bahamas and [Agabi, 2002]. As in the case of the former Zaire (Congo) President Mabuto Seseko who was helped by the British government to win the elections in a fraudulent way. Furthermore, during is time in power it is claimed the western opportunely looked the other way and maintained their silence, while he was stealing the state money, laundering funds into overseas bank accounts (mainly Switzerland). With the continued protest from the several developing countries to those countries that function as haven for ransack funds from developing countries to assist in the recovery of the stolen funds in their banks, many of the countries, particularly the former colonial power, Britain, have refused to cooperate. While some others (such as Switzerland) have been promising to cooperate, sometimes these promises end up not being followed by these Countries. Secondly, from a developing countrys point of view, the Western countries uses criticisms of the developing countries as in the case of (Mabuto Seseko) as a means of benefiting from the issue of money laundering, while pretending to be implementing actions of the same anti-money laundering and anti-corruption preaching Western economic powers suggest hypocrisy. For example, while countries such as South Africa and Nigeria, and 28 other developing countries have so far given their support to the United Nations Convention Against Corruption, except France, all the other member countries of the so called Financial Action Task Force, FATF, that have been jointly threatening Africa countries economic sanctions, have not yet endorse the UN Conventions Against Corruption (see This Day, June 9, 2007). Moreover, it was during the 2002 meeting on the Global Organisation of Parliamentary against Corruption (GOPAC) that Australia, Canada and Italy  [1]  made pledges to set in motion machiner y to amend their banking laws to facilitate easy recovery of the developing countries looted funds in the banks in their countries [The Guardian, November 5, 2002]. Strangely enough, while countries such as USA, Britain, France, Germany, and Switzerland which serve as havens for looted funds from African countries expressed serious concern over the growing incidence of corruption especially in developing countries, such pledges were not made by any of these countries. For example in the case of , Raul Salinas de Gotari, brother of the former President of Mexico, Carlos Salinas de Gotari was able to transfer $90 million to $100 million between 1992 and 1994 by using a private banking relationship formed by Citibank New York in 1992 (see US General Accounting Office, 1999). The funds were transferred through Citibank Mexico and Citibank New York to private banking investment accounts in Citibank London and Citibank Switzerland. Yet, Britain and the United States are both powerful and leading member countries of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) that claim to be fighting money laundering globally. Conclusion Nonetheless, it is clear from available evidence shown in this essay that money laundering is one of the major challenges faced by the developing countries and if it is not tackled In time it will became the main destructive force to the economic and social development of this countries as it affect economic growth, reduces productivity in the economys real sector by diverting resources and encouraging crime and corruption, and can distort the economys long-term economic development. This essay highlighted observable facts of Money Laundering and its origins, as well as the patterns and implications it has in the developing countries. it is crucial to make a note of the hypocrites approach the western countries take, however a accurately study is recommended to effectively identify whether this claims exist. The resources against money laundering should be strengthened to ensure that the professional and MNCs wont continue to abuse the financial systems. Final Global responses to the challenges of money laundering should be tighter than at present.

The Fourth Amendment Essay -- essays research papers

Article VI The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.† –U.S. Constitutional Amendments Preface I choose the fourth amendment for two reasons: - It recognizes a right that, inevitably, cannot be taken away from a person. - It was not written out of spite, but out of experience. I personally feel like this is an issue that, had there not been a provision in the Constitution, would have created some serious issues with the colonists. The Fourth Amendment also almost gives the idea that there should be no problem with a person leaving his/her door unlocked, for the fellow citizens should honor the space of one another. History The Fourth Amendment came almost directly from experience of the colonials. But it wasn’t introduced only as a fundamental right, but also as a major part of the English ideals as well. In England, ''Everyman's house is his castle'' was an honored phrase, enforcing the idea that it is not only is it a law, but a right that cannot be delegated by any government idea. There are two major cases where this idea was tried. Semayne’s Case and Entick v. Carrington. Semayne's Case Accused of denying access to officials, Semayne exercised the right of a homeowner to defend his ...

How Important It Is for Parents to Teach Gender Roles to Their Children Essay

How important it is for parents to teach gender roles to their children? Topics such as abortion, capital punishment, and gender role have always been commonly discussed subject in society since the dawn of time. Gender role simply defined is a person’s inner sense of how a male or female should feel and behave. Society and culture are very important in relation to this subject. This means different societies and cultures may produce children and later, grown men and women, who have quite distinct views of a man or a woman’s place in the world around them, and it is often determined by their parents’ influence at their early age of childhood. Dozens of researches and studies show that parent’s attitude and behaviours could affect their children both positively and negatively which makes it imperative for the parent to bear the burden of teaching the children.. Boys must learn what boys and men do, what they like, and even how they think and feel. Females do likewise as they learn the roles for girls and women. When children seem already aware of differences between what men and women wear and do, then children are deeply involved in this search for these â€Å"roles†. This action also blends in with the process of them searching for their identities. Through myriad activities, opportunities, encouragements, discouragements, overt behaviours, covert suggestions, and various forms of guidance, children experience how they fit into their gender role among others. As children grow and develop, the gender stereotypes they are exposed to at home are reinforced by other elements in their environment and are thus perpetuated throughout childhood and on into adolescence. By the time a person steps into adulthood, the influence from the parents from the childhood will result in the change of his personality and attitude towards others. If the person has been taught how to deal with gender roles properly., he would understand that rather than blaming each other for the situation, he and his partner should be willing to work together to learn about their new roles. Successful marriage partners learn to negotiate and share tasks. Managers take employees aside and tell them when comments are inappropriate. It will take time to sort out all the implications in the changing of gender roles, but with correct guidance, it should result in better workplaces, better relationships, better schools, and better lives. The shifting of gender roles in the past few decades has been huge. It has happened so quickly that men and women are still trying to sort out what the new roles are as well as what the rules mean to them. Although women are no longer expected to be the keepers of the house; nonetheless, in reality, this is still true in most families. Frankly, men are generally open to the successes enjoyed by the women they share their lives with, but some still find it hard to celebrate a woman’s triumphs because they feel it diminishes their own.

Frederick Douglass - 905 Words

No one can argue the horrors of slavery. I always immagined that slavery was the worst thing possible that could happen to a person. .That was until I took this class and read the book about Frederick Douglas. As an assingment I was to write a paper and I had three topics to choise from. I was stuck between writting about the worst thing about slavery and what impact it had on what I thought I knew about slavery.I have watched many shows that depicted slavery as a harsh life. I have had black friends who could tell me storeys their great great grandparents once told. I knew it was not pritty before the book, but after it only opened my eyes to how bad it was. After a while I finnally decided which topic I wanted to write†¦show more content†¦I want to ad just a little about my own opinion. Slavery is an institution. It ruins lives or makes them better and is not a 50/50 profet. This is the truth about slavery it happened every where not just America but only in America are people so unwilling to just let things be. An example wouldbe the Jewish ancesters were slaves to the Egyptians but their desndants dont go to egypt and demand the pyramids that they built. But we hear all the time about what the White Americans did to the Black Americans . There are colleges just for the blacks as they still call themselves the minority. And there are easier college etrence exams for the black because they are underprivlaged. Mostly I see it as they wont let it go. It happened long ago where even today there isnt a black slave who delt with it still alive. We dont hear the Native Americans crying today. And from my view point they should be thanking us. If we look at Africas economy today, most of their people are dieing from either starvation or AIDS. 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Douglass immortalized his years as a slave in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845). This and two other autobiographies, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass

Mathematical Properties of Waves

Physical waves, or mechanical waves, form through the vibration of a medium, be it a string, the Earths crust, or particles of gases and fluids. Waves have mathematical properties that can be analyzed to understand the motion of the wave. This article introduces these general wave properties, rather than how to apply them in specific situations in physics. Transverse Longitudinal Waves There are two types of mechanical waves. A is such that the displacements of the medium are perpendicular (transverse) to the direction of travel of the wave along the medium. Vibrating a string in periodic motion, so the waves move along it, is a transverse wave, as are waves in the ocean. A longitudinal wave is such that the displacements of the medium are back and forth along the same direction as the wave itself. Sound waves, where the air particles are pushed along in the direction of travel, is an example of a longitudinal wave. Even though the waves discussed in this article will refer to travel in a medium, the mathematics introduced here can be used to analyze properties of non-mechanical waves. Electromagnetic radiation, for example, is able to travel through empty space, but still, has the same mathematical properties as other waves. For example, the Doppler effect for sound waves is well known, but there exists a similar Doppler effect for light waves, and they are based around the same mathematical principles. What Causes Waves? Waves can be viewed as a disturbance in the medium around an equilibrium state, which is generally at rest. The energy of this disturbance is what causes the wave motion. A pool of water is at equilibrium when there are no waves, but as soon as a stone is thrown in it, the equilibrium of the particles is disturbed and the wave motion begins.The disturbance of the wave travels, or propogates, with a definite speed, called the wave speed (v).Waves transport energy, but not matter. The medium itself doesnt travel; the individual particles undergo back-and-forth or up-and-down motion around the equilibrium position. The Wave Function To mathematically describe wave motion, we refer to the concept of a wave function, which describes the position of a particle in the medium at any time. The most basic of wave functions is the sine wave, or sinusoidal wave, which is a periodic wave (i.e. a wave with repetitive motion). It is important to note that the wave function doesnt depict the physical wave, but rather its a graph of the displacement about the equilibrium position. This can be a confusing concept, but the useful thing is that we can use a sinusoidal wave to depict most periodic motions, such as moving in a circle or swinging a pendulum, which dont necessarily look wave-like when you view the actual motion. Properties of the Wave Function wave speed (v) - the speed of the waves propagationamplitude (A) - the maximum magnitude of the displacement from equilibrium, in SI units of meters. In general, it is the distance from the equilibrium midpoint of the wave to its maximum displacement, or it is half the total displacement of the wave.period (T) - is the time for one wave cycle (two pulses, or from crest to crest or trough to trough), in SI units of seconds (though it may be referred to as seconds per cycle).frequency (f) - the number of cycles in a unit of time. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz) and1 Hz 1 cycle/s 1 s-1angular frequency (ω) - is 2Ï€ times the frequency, in SI units of radians per second.wavelength (ÃŽ ») - the distance between any two points at corresponding positions on successive repetitions in the wave, so (for example) from one crest or trough to the next, in SI units  of meters.  wave number (k) - also called the propagation constant, this useful quantity is defined as 2 Ï₠¬ divided by the wavelength, so the SI units are radians per meter.pulse - one half-wavelength, from equilibrium back Some useful equations in defining the above quantities are: v ÃŽ » / T ÃŽ » fω 2 Ï€ f 2 Ï€/TT 1 / f 2 Ï€/ωk 2Ï€/ωω vk The vertical position of a point on the wave, y, can be found as a function of the horizontal position, x, and the time, t, when we look at it. We thank the kind mathematicians for doing this work for us, and obtain the following useful equations to describe the wave motion: y(x, t) A sin ω(t - x/v) A sin 2Ï€ f(t - x/v)y(x, t) A sin 2Ï€(t/T - x/v)y(x, t) A sin (ω t - kx) The Wave Equation One final feature of the wave function is that applying calculus to take the second derivative yields the wave equation, which is an intriguing and sometimes useful product (which, once again, we will thank the mathematicians for and accept without proving it): d2y / dx2 (1 / v2) d2y / dt2 The second derivative of y with respect to x is equivalent to the second derivative of y with respect to t divided by the wave speed squared. The key usefulness of this equation is that whenever it occurs, we know that the function y acts as a wave with wave speed v and, therefore, the situation can be described using the wave function.

Article Review On The Constitution - 1067 Words

Furthermore, the constitution has a total of seven articles. Article I, creates the legislative branch, this article gives congress its powers and limits. Congress is the legislative branch of the government which means that they are responsible for making laws for the country. Article II, creates the executive branch, whom enforce the law created by congress. Article III, creates the judicial branch, this branch is the system of courts that look at the law and applies it to different cases. This includes the supreme court and courts created by congress. Article IV, this section talks about the states, it describes the responsibilities and duties of the states along with the responsibility of the federal government. Article V, describes how the constitution is flexible and how it can be changed by adding an amendment. Further, Article VI, states that is any federal laws that are made according to the constitution are supreme laws. State courts must follow federal law before state law . Finally, article VII states that ratifications were needed in order for the proposed constitution to take place. At least 9 states needed to ratify the constitution for it to be applied to all the states. Following these articles is a bill of rights which contain the first ten amendments of a total of 27, which give the citizens their freedoms and rights. More importantly, the constitution is built around six principles. Popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks andShow MoreRelatedArticle Review On The Constitution1539 Words   |  7 PagesArticle XI Section 1. Proposal by legislature. Amendments to any part of the Constitution can be brought up by the approval of both the house and the senate. There must be an acceptance of this amendment between three fifths of members of each house. A review of the voting will be written into each houses journal. 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Managing the Needs of Diverse Aboriginals Client Group Australia

Question: Discuss about the Managing the Needs of Diverse Client Group. Answer: Introduction The aboriginals of Australia are considered as the diverse population who are different from other population of Australia in culturally, linguistically also experimentally. The differences have affected their growth and they are considered a underprivileged group of the population of the country. They are deprived of the basic facilities offered by the government of the country. In the assignment, an attempt has been made to study the differences in receiving the basic facility by the Aborigine and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia with their counterparts like non-aborigine and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia in the context of health in particular and other facilities in general. At the level of health care facilities, it is very important to broaden the definition of health and it should include the physical, mental spiritual well-being of the whole communities. The health service is not related to the symptomatic treatment of the individual. The biomedical mo dels of health will focus on the diagnosis, treatment prevention so that the aboriginal Torres Strait Islander will get actual health benefits. Discrimination Discrimination in health between the aborigine and non-aborigine of Victoria has been identified by World Health Organisation. There have been great inequalities and discriminations between the aborigine and Torres Strait Islander people non-aborigine and Torres Strait Islander. This discrimination has been treated as the largest inequalities in the world (WHO, 2008). This has been studied that expectancy of the life of the aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander male population was estimated to be 10.6 years lower in comparison to the non-aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and the life expectancy of the females of the aboriginal is also 9.5 years lower in comparison to the non-aboriginals. The aboriginals are suffering mostly from the non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental disorder and the chronic respiratory diseases (AIHW, 2011). The aboriginal group of people suffered from massacres and infectious diseases since the colonisation of Australia and the number of the aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islander become very less gradually. These indigenous people became the most disadvantaged group. The poverty inequality experience their present state of life. The inequality in the status of the health has been identified and they are discriminated from the services (Landro, 2008). Impact of Racism In order to develop the social capital linkage of among the people of Australian Aborigine, racism has been a great barrier. The Aborigine people are considered as the victim of racism. The data conducted in the year 2011 about the experience of the impact of racism, this has been found that 70% of the Aborigine people suffer from racism issues for eight times in a year. This causes a high level of psychological disorder and distress. The impact of racism has been more on the people of Aborigine. It has been found that 30% of people avoid different situations in their everyday life (Hurley, et al., 2010). Racism has impacted a lot on the Aborigine. The people get victimised and that results in the degradation of the health in various ways. The Aborigine has mistrust on the heath services that leads to the reluctance in order to attend the mainstream of the health services provided to them. They do not immediately take the health care facility unless it a very grave medical problem (Vos, et al., 2007). Racism has also impacted in the discrimination in the employment market. The education system becomes unachievable for the Aborigine. The education system leads to a high rate of unemployment the possibility of attainment of educational level becomes lower. The psychological distress leads to the mental ill-health this also results in risk-taking behaviours of the health (Riezenman, 2008). The Aboriginal population of the country are deprived of the basic facilities. There is the prevalence of the poor health among this category of people in comparison to other counterparts like non-aborigine of the country. There is the difference between the cultural, linguistic and economic lifestyle of the people. The prejudice and racism and discrimination are considered as the most instrumental factors that obstruct the growth of the aborigine people of the country (Omachonu Einspruch, 2009). The aborigine of the Victoria is different from the non-origin of Victoria in the context of health facilities. There is the prevalence of depression anxiety more with the people of aboriginal in comparison to the non-origin of Victoria (Clark, 2008). The need of studying the causes of the depression among the people is one of the major concerns. Prejudice racism are considered as the two important determinants of the Aboriginal health in the country of Australia (Govindarajan, 2007). The se two are considered being associated with the high levels of the mental distress of the people of the Aboriginal in Australia Healthcare services and status of the Aboriginals The basic care and services level have not been extracted by the Aboriginal of the country. There are significant disparities between the two groups in the country and all the differences are based on the social determinants factors of the lifestyle risks. The differences found in between the two groups are that the Aboriginal people undergo the psychological distress, insecurity of food and financial stress (Grose, 2008). Due to the psychological distress the Aboriginal face negative impact of health. This has been found in different ways, both directly and indirectly. The depression, anxiety and the distress related to psychology become the factors of the poor health. There has been a witness of the unhealthy behaviour, coronary heart disease stroke among the non-Aborigine people of the country (Lehoux, et al., 2008). There is no food security and the nutritional intake of the population is very low. Due to the food insecurity, the group undergoes lots of problems both in socially and emotionally. There are social and emotional consequences. The distress, social exclusion, impaired learning also there is a loss of productivity found among the Aborigine in the country of Australia (Markwick A, 2011). Socio-economic status of the disadvantaged group The Aboriginal Victorian people are socio-economically disadvantaged in comparison to their counterparts. The Aborigine people have lower household income the employment rate of the people is very low. Due to the low income of the group it results in very less disposal earning to procure the food that is healthy. They are not able to engage themselves in the leisure activities. They can not make the social and physical activities. This leads to inadequate safety, housing and healthcare (Priest NC, 2011). There is also a low level of educational attainment of the people of the Aborigine. Due to lack of appropriate educational attainment, the Aborigine is at high risk of unemployment. The low level of income has limited the possibilities of getting a job for the disadvantaged group (Awofeso, 2011). The unemployment has put the job of the people at the risk and they do not get a living wage even. This contributes to the lower levels of the literacy on health. Disparities in socio capital There have been disparities in the context of socio capital between the advantages and disadvantages group of the country of Australia. With the Aboriginal Victorians, the levels of the socio-capital are very low. The study states that people with higher social capital get more advantage and it is associated with the higher and better health care. In that way, the Aboriginal Victorians get less scope to extract the facilities. The Aboriginal have been deprived of the social networks which offer them to get potential benefits of the education and economic that is well extracted from the white privileges and other non-Aborigine of the country (Varkey, et al., 2008). There are three types social capital. These three are the bonding, bridging linking. The bonding of the socio capital refers to the link or relationship of within the community of Aboriginal. The bridging socio-capital refers to the link between the advantage and disadvantage groups. The linking of the socio-capital refers to the relationships between the Aboriginal communities and with that of the formal the hierarchical institutions of power. Social Environment of the Aboriginal The social environment is affected by the length of the tenure of the neighbourhood. This is treated as the important indicator of the social environment of the Aboriginal that affects their growth. The Aborigine makes frequent movements and the frequent relocation has adversely affected their education. The group of people are deprived of the educational opportunities. They are deprived of the link to the community and as well as to the services. They are also deprived of the social support networks. That has adversely impacted on reducing the three major types of the social capital. Due to the low level of income, the Aborigine people experience unemployment. These people are obliged to relocate very frequently in order to find out jobs for the support of the housing that can be afforded. The Aboriginal Victorians get less help from their families. This shows that there is a very low level of bonding of social capital. Families are treated as the most important source of favour. The lack of the support of the family increases the individual vulnerability and this is a major issue during the crisis in the stress periods. This is more important during the time of health problems. The high levels of the social capital bonding have to be taken care by making more provisions for the health centres so that the Aborigine families will be supported. There have been no differences between the two groups in the group meeting. Both the Aboriginal non-aboriginal people access the community services resources. The Aboriginal people are more concerned about the community group. Healthcare practices for the Aborigine of Australia The Aborigine has the poor health. There are more possibilities of blood pressure and mental health-related problem among the people of the Aborigine. The people receive fewer services of the healthcare than the required amount. This has been found that Aborigine people have strong resistance for the use of mainstream health care services during the time when there is a failure of services that cannot address the cultural security (Maru YT, 2011). This brings a lot of difficulty and challenges in gaining the trust of the people of the aborigine. The people of Aborigine do not find the similar kind of mainstream health care services in comparison to the non-aborigine people of the country. The Aboriginal of the Australia receives less key medical investigation treatment when they are hospitalised for coronary heart disease and aborigine with lung or prostate cancer also receive less surgery. Lifestyle risk factors There is also a need of studying the lifestyle risk of the aborigine of the Australia. The smoking, consumption of excessive alcohol, heavy body weight, poor diet insufficient physical activity are also some of the factors that determine the poor health condition of the people of the aborigine (humanrights.gov,au, 2017). The evidence shows that poor health condition of the aborigine people of Australia accounts approximately 26% of the aggregate health loss due to the death, disease injury. The policies of the government focus more on the lifestyle risk factors than important social determinants. The health issues related to the smoking, obesity and the appropriate food intake are relatively small in comparison to the social determinants (Purdie, et al., 2010). Conclusion The focus on the mainstream preventive systems interventions should not remain around the factors of the lifestyle risk. There is a need of addressing the distress related to the psychology of the people of the aborigine. The focus on the improving the mental state is more effective than the improvement policies for the lifestyle risk factors. This will also contribute to the lifestyle risks factors such as smoking. Thus it will be more effective if more focus is given on the psychological distress and effective strategy is required to be framed for developing the standard of the aborigine (Pyett Waples, 2008). For the lifestyle risks, it is important to intervene health education social marketing. This will contribute to the development of the aborigine and they will be aware of the health disorder. There has been a negative societal belief that people of aborigine engage more in the excessive consumption of alcohol and that continues to aggravate prejudice racism. Thus it is ve ry important to formulate a strategy for the improvement of the health of aborigine of Australia. Bibliography AIHW, 2011. Life Expectancy and Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. AIHW, Canberra, Volume 51. Awofeso, N., 2011. Racism: a major impediment to optimal Indigenous health and health care in Australia.. Australian Indigenous Health Bull, Volume 11, pp. 1-13. Clark, D., 2008. Intel Takes Step Into Home Health Care.?. The Wall Street Journal, p. B3. Govindarajan, V., 2007. The Importance of Strategic Innovation.. [Online] Available at: https:/www.vijaygovindarajan.com/2006/03/the_importance_of_strategic_in.htm. [Accessed 15 02 2017]. Grose, T. K., 2008. Life Support Systems.. Prism Magazine.org,, pp. 35-39. humanrights.gov,au, 2017. Social determinants and the health of indigenous peoples in Australia - a human rights based approach.. [Online] Available at: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/social-determinants-and-health-indigenous-peoples-australia-human-rights-based] [Accessed 10 05 2017]. Hurley, C., Baum, F., Johns, A. Labonate, R., 2010. Comprehensive primary health care in Australia: findings from a narrative review of the literature.. Australas Med J, 1(2), pp. 147-152. Landro, L., 2008. The Hospital Is Watching You.?. The Wall Street Journal, p. D4. Lehoux, P. et al., 2008. ?What leads to better health care innovation? Arguments for an integrated policy-oriented research agenda.?. Journal of Health Services Research policy,, 4(13), pp. 251-254. Markwick A, H. S. V. L. A. Z., 2011. The Health and Wellbeing of Aboriginal Victorians. Victorian Population Health Survey 2008 supplementary report., Melbourne: State Government of Victoria, Melbourne. Maru YT, D. J., 2011. Supporting cross-cultural brokers is essential for employment among Aborignal people in remote Australia. Rangeland J, Volume 33, pp. 327-338. Omachonu, V. K. Einspruch, N. G., 2009. Innovation: Implications for Goods and Services.. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management.. Priest NC, P. Y. G. W. C. S. S. S., 2011. Racism as a determinant of social and emotional wellbeing for Aboriginal Australian youth.. Medical Journal Australia, pp. 546-550. Priest N, P. Y. S. P. L. J., 2011. Racism and health among urban Aboriginal young people. BMC Public Health, Volume 11, pp. 568-. Purdie, N., Dudgeon, P. Walker, R., 2010. Working Together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health and Wellbeing Principles and Practice., Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing. Pyett, P. Waples, C., 2008. Challenging our own practices in indigenous health promotion and research. Health Promote Journal, Australia, Volume 19, pp. 179-183. Riezenman, M. J., 2008. Robots in Rehab.. The Institute, p. 6. Varkey, P., Horne, A. Bennet, K. E., 2008. Innovation in Health Care: A Primer.. American Journal of Medical Quality, Volume 23, pp. 382-388. Vos, T., Barker, B., Stanley, L. Lopez, A., 2007. The Burden of Disease and Injury in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 2003. 2007,, Brisbane: School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane. WHO, 2008. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health, Geneva: World Health Organsisation.